路透社紐約健康消息最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),空氣中的臭氧水平只要輕微增長都會對兒童的健康產(chǎn)生不良影響,以致耽誤他們的正常學習??諝馕廴疽呀?jīng)成為學生因呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病而缺課的最重要原因。
位于地球大氣層上空的天然臭氧可以阻擋太陽紫外線的輻射,對人體有保護作用。然而,逗留在地球表面的“人工臭氧”則是一種傷害性的污染物。這種“人工臭氧”由汽車排放出來的廢氣在光照作用下發(fā)生化學反應生成,被吸入人體后會引起咳嗽、呼吸急促、惡心嘔吐等反應,并可造成永久性的肺損害,兒童和老人更容易受到損害。
美國的研究人員對空氣中3種最常見的污染物:臭氧、二氧化氮和微塵進行了分析,并將分析結果同1996年上半年中2,081名4年級學生里每天的缺課率進行比較。這些孩子全都居住在洛杉磯附近方圓200英里范圍以內(nèi)。在電話采訪中,研究人員針對學生的疾病原因,對所有的醫(yī)生認為可能導致這種疾病的因素進行了一一記錄,最終確定了學生們?nèi)闭n的確切原因。
結果可以看到,在低于目前允許的空氣臭氧水平標準以下的環(huán)境中生活的學生的健康正在受到損害??諝庵谐粞跛絻H僅增加十億分之二十,因呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病而導致的缺課率就相應地增長83%,伴有咳嗽咯痰的下呼吸道疾病也相應地增長了173%。對另外兩種污染物,微塵和二氧化氮的觀察中,則沒有類似的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
美國過敏·哮喘·免疫協(xié)會認為,臭氧可以對任何人造成損害,患有哮喘或支氣管炎、肺氣腫等慢性肺病的人更容易受到侵害。目前臭氧水平最高的幾個美國城市包括洛杉磯、亞特蘭大、菲尼克斯和休斯頓。美國環(huán)境保護局建議通過幾人共用一輛汽車、公共交通、鼓勵步行或騎自行車的方法來減少臭氧產(chǎn)生。
airpollutionlinkedtoschoolabsenteeism newyork(reutershealth)-evensmallincreasesinthelevelsoftheairpollutantozonemayadverselyimpactthehealthofchildrencausingthemtomissschool,anewreportsuggests.
``weareseeingillhealtheffectsinschoolchildrenatlevelswellbelowthecurrentairqualitystandardforallowablelevelsofozone,‘‘dr.frankgillilandoftheuniversityofsoutherncaliforniainlosangeles,toldreutershealthinaninterview.
ozoneisproducedbyachemicalreactionthatoccurswhensunlighthitsairpollutantsemittedinautomobileexhaust.breathingairwithozonecancausecoughing,respiratoryirritation,nauseaandpermanentdamagetothelungsinpeopleofallages,butchildrenandtheelderlyareespeciallyvulnerable.
theinvestigatorsanalyzeddailylevelsofthreecommonairpollutants--ozone,nitrogendioxideandfineparticles--andcomparedthemwithdailyabsenteeismratesof2,081fourthgradersduringthefirst6monthsof1996.
gilliland‘steamalsotelephonedtheparents‘homeseverytimeachildwasabsentfromschool.
duringthetelephoneinterview,theresearchersdeterminedtheexactreasonfortheabsence.ifthereasonwasduetoillness,theyrecordedalltheinformationpertainingtothesickness,symptomsandoutcomesfromdoctororhospitalvisits.allofthechildreninthestudylivedwithina200-mileradiusoflosangeles.
asthelevelsofozoneincreasedintheairbyaslittleas20partsperbillion,theresearcherssawacorrespondingriseinabsenteeismduetorespiratoryillnessincreaseby83%,explainedgilliland.inaddition,theauthorsdocumentedacorrespondingincreaseof173%inlowerrespiratoryillnesswithwetcough.
``thisindicatesapotentiallymoreserioustypeofillnessinvolvingthelungs,ratherthanjustthenoseorthethroat,‘‘gillilandtoldreutershealth.
``airpollutionhasturnedouttobesurprisinglyimportantfactorcontributingtoabsenteeismduetorespiratoryillness,‘‘headded.
similarfindingsfortheothertwopollutants--fineparticlesandnitrogendioxide--werenotobserved,gillilandandcolleaguesnoteinthejanuaryissueofthejournalepidemiology.
whileozonecanaffectanyone,peoplewithasthmaorchroniclungdiseasessuchasbronchitisandemphysemaareparticularlyvulnerable,accordingtotheamericanacademyofallergy,asthmaandimmunology.
whenproducednaturallyintheupperatmosphere,ozoneactsasprotectionfromthesun‘sultravioletrays.butwhenman-madeozonelingersclosertoearth,itisapollutantthatbecomesharmful.
theusenvironmentalprotectionagencyrecommendscarpooling,usingmasstransit,walkingorbikingtoavoidcontributingtoozonelevels.
uscitieswhereozonelevelsarehighestincludelosangeles,atlanta,phoenixandhouston.