體外培養(yǎng)的人類(lèi)胚胎出現(xiàn)無(wú)核小細(xì)胞碎片非常常見(jiàn)。不同胚胎細(xì)胞的碎片率有很大差別,可能是5% 至10%或至試管,碎片從第一次有絲分裂便開(kāi)始出現(xiàn),可能為局部碎片或分散化碎片。不過(guò),當(dāng)碎片率超過(guò)胚胎體積的10%時(shí),碎片可能會(huì)對(duì)胚胎發(fā)育產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。
在2或4細(xì)胞胚胎的細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)的大塊碎片是由于每個(gè)片段中線(xiàn)粒體的電子密度造成的。線(xiàn)粒體的電子密度在發(fā)育的后期比早期高。在發(fā)育的早期階段釋放大碎片時(shí),胚胎會(huì)失去重要的細(xì)胞器,例如線(xiàn)粒體。當(dāng)碎片產(chǎn)生時(shí),留下細(xì)胞核的細(xì)胞部分可能會(huì)由于重要細(xì)胞器的丟失而停育(1)。
碎片的產(chǎn)生也與精子有關(guān)(2)。有人認(rèn)為精子細(xì)胞如果在受精前發(fā)生DNA損傷會(huì)導(dǎo)致碎片(3),也有人認(rèn)為卵子細(xì)胞如果出現(xiàn)代謝紊亂可能也會(huì)造成碎片(4)。胚胎碎片率與染色體異常有關(guān)。凋亡和壞死過(guò)程都被認(rèn)為是造成人類(lèi)胚胎卵裂球出現(xiàn)碎片的原因 (5)。
Van Royen等人認(rèn)為,優(yōu)質(zhì)胚胎不會(huì)有多核卵裂球;第2天有4或5個(gè)卵裂球;以及<20%的碎片率。大碎片的存在會(huì)影響胚胎發(fā)育(6)。另一方面,一些小且分散的碎片或者局部碎片對(duì)胚胎植入潛力沒(méi)有顯著影響(7)。
Fragments can be removed by microsurgical techniques, which improves the developmental potential because the spatial relationship between the blastomeres is restored. Frozen embryos also show fragmentation and detriment to the embryo. Elliott et al. showed that by removing lysed cells in mouse embryos the developmental potential was restored to that of the control (8). Lysed cells in frozen/thawed embryos are thought to interfere with cell to cell communication.
胚胎碎片可以通過(guò)顯微外科技術(shù)去除,去除后卵裂球之間的空間關(guān)系得到恢復(fù),可以提高胚胎的發(fā)育潛力。胚胎冷凍也會(huì)導(dǎo)致碎片及對(duì)胚胎的損害。Elliott等人發(fā)現(xiàn),去除小鼠胚胎中的裂解細(xì)胞后,其發(fā)育潛力恢復(fù)到對(duì)照組小鼠細(xì)胞水平(8)。冷凍/解凍胚胎中的裂解細(xì)胞被認(rèn)為會(huì)干擾細(xì)胞間通訊。
References
參考文獻(xiàn)
1. Alikani M, Cohen J, Tomkin G, et al. Human embryo fragmentation in vitro and its implications for pregcy and implantation. Fertil Steril 1999;71:836-42.
2. Janny L, Menezo Y. Evidence for a strong paternal effect on human preimplantation embryo development and blastocyst formation. Mol Reprod Dev 1994;38:36-42.
3. Munne S, Estop AM. The effect of in-vitro ageing on mouse sperm chromosomes. Hum Reprod 1991;6:703-8.
4. Van Blerkom J, Davis PW, Lee J. ATP content of human oocytes and developmental potential and outcome after in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1995;10:415-24.
5. Juriscova A, Varmuza S, Casper R. Programmed cell death and human embryo fragmentation. Mol Hum Reprod 1996;2:93-8.
6. Van Royen E, Mangelscots K, De Neubourg D, et al. Characterization of a top quality embryo, a step towards single embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 1999;14:2345-9.
7. Van Blerkom J, DavisP, Alexander S. A microscopic and biochemical stu of fragmentation phenotypes in stage appropriate human embryos. Hum Reprod 2001;16:719-29.
8. Elliott TA, Colturato LFA, Taylor TH, et al. Lysed cell removal promotes frozen-thawed embryo development. Fert Steril 2006;87:1444-9/
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